Statistical AnalysisĪll data were processed using R-software (version 3.6.2 ) and SPSS 22.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). The secondary endpoint was all-cause mortality after the 6-month follow-up, which was determined by the date of death from date of hospital admission. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality during hospitalization. Study EndpointĪll enrolled patients were followed up for 6 months either telephonically, as outpatients, or via hospital admission. The residual clinical data was recorded by one researcher and randomly checked by another. Prognostic events including in-hospital mortality and events were also collected and recorded by two independent researchers. The normal range of BUN in the hospital laboratory was 3.60–9.50 mmol/L. Clinical information of patients including demographic features (age, sex, symptoms for duration of longer than 1 month before admission), past medical history (history of dialysis, injection drug usage), comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart diseases), laboratory results, New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, ultrasonographic results, and type of treatment (surgery, conservative therapy) were extracted and evaluated. We investigated the association of BUN and short-term mortality in patients with IE, which will help promote faster triage of patients with IE.ĭata were collected from the hospital’s electronic system by trained study coordinators. However, rarely have there been studies further probing the prognostic value of BUN in patients with IE. As an infectious disease, IE is commonly complicated with heart dysfunction, which can also affect the normal renal function and increase the level of urea in the blood. It was reported that BUN can help predict the survival of patients infected with Escherichia coli or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Ī similar conclusion was also drawn with respect to infectious state. Studies have shown that BUN was an independent predictor in patients with acute heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, and acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Therefore, level of BUN can somehow reflect kidney function. Moreover, BUN is also involved in the formation of concentrated urine and maintenance of the osmotic gradient in the nephrons. The formation of this non-toxic product avoids the toxic effect of ammonia from damaging the central nervous system. It circulates in the blood and is finally excreted through the kidneys. Therefore, it is of great importance to explore the hematological and biochemical biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity to facilitate the diagnosis and risk stratification of IE.īlood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a metabolic product in the urea cycle after detoxifying the ammonia in the liver. About 15–30% of patients with IE died in hospital, and the 1-year mortality of IE reached 30%. Even with timely antimicrobial medication and diagnostic tools, the incidence of mortality remained high. In 2011, there were even 15 cases per a population of 100,000. Data have indicated that the annual incidence of IE has increased since 2000 with an average of 2–8 cases per 100,000 person-years. However, the prognosis of IE is poor with high mortality and severe complications. Over the past decades, advanced diagnostic technologies and therapeutic strategies have been explored for the management of IE. Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare but life-threatening disease that involves the cardiac endothelium as the initial site of infection, extending to native valves, prosthetic valves, and even indwelling cardiac devices. ConclusionsīUN is suitable for independently predicting short-term mortality in patients with IE. MethodsĪ total of 1371 patients with a diagnosis of IE were included and divided into four groups according to BUN (mmol/L) at admission: 6.8 mmol/L had a higher 6-month mortality than other groups (log rank = 97.9, P 6.8 mmol/L was an independent predictor indicator for both in-hospital and 6-month mortality. However, the prognostic value of BUN in patients with infective endocarditis (IE) remains unevaluated. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a metabolic product validated to be an independent risk factor in the prognosis of several diseases.

Bun normal range mmoll